QEP — Qualified European Photographer Member of PPA (Professional Photographer of America) Member of Advertising Photographers Guild Member of the Union of Russian Photo Artists. Eduard Kraft has more than 15 years experience as a commercial advertising photographer.
Currently based in USA, he works both in studio and on location, travelling extensively and shooting for a variety of national advertising, fashion, beauty and tourism clients as well as stock agencies. • 2,509 Affection • 85,452 Photo Views • 801 Followers • 30 Following • San Francisco, USA.
Derived from Tolstoy's 'ungeheure plastische Kraft'.47 Contemporary critics, at any rate. Climaxes in Turgenev's Torrents of Spring, which Mann so much admired. 48 Eduard Goldbeck, 'Der Kampf mit dem Leben', Wochenbeilage des. Aug 3, 2016 - Verena Salman-Carvalho,1,* Eduard Fadeev,1 Samantha B. [CrossRef]; Strous M., Kraft B., Bisdorf R., Tegetmeyer H.
“ Candidatus Marithrix” is a recently described lineage within the group of large sulfur bacteria ( Beggiatoaceae, Gammaproteobacteria). This genus of bacteria comprises vacuolated, attached-living filaments that inhabit the sediment surface around vent and seep sites in the marine environment. A single filament is ca. 100 μm in diameter, several millimeters long, and consists of hundreds of clonal cells, which are considered highly polyploid. Based on these characteristics, “ Candidatus Marithrix” was used as a model organism for the assessment of genomic plasticity along segments of a single filament using next generation sequencing to possibly identify hotspots of microevolution. Using six consecutive segments of a single filament sampled from a mud volcano in the Gulf of Mexico, we recovered ca.
90% of the “ Candidatus Marithrix” genome in each segment. There was a high level of genome conservation along the filament with average nucleotide identities between 99.98 and 100%. Different approaches to assemble all reads into a complete consensus genome could not fill the gaps. Each of the six segment datasets encoded merely a few hundred unique nucleotides and 5 or less unique genes—the residual content was redundant in all datasets. Besides the overall high genomic identity, we identified a similar number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the clonal segments, which are comparable to numbers reported for other clonal organisms.
An increase of SNPs with greater distance of filament segments was not observed. The polyploidy of the cells was apparent when analyzing the heterogeneity of reads within a segment. Here, a strong increase in single nucleotide variants, or “intrasegmental sequence heterogeneity” (ISH) events, was observed. These sites may represent hotspots for genome plasticity, and possibly microevolution, since two thirds of these variants were not co-localized across the genome copies of the multicellular filament.
Sampling During cruise AT18-02 (Nov 2010) onboard the R/V Atlantis in the Gulf of Mexico, push cores (4562-9 to 4562-12) were taken with the submersible Alvin at a site where fluffy bacterial mats covered the seafloor sediment in a tuft-like pattern (Figure ). In the vicinity, small mud volcanoes and brine flows surrounded a brine pool (Green Canyon 246; depth 833 m; 27°42.089 N; 90°38.876 W). Individual filaments were retrieved from core 4562-12 (Figure ) with forceps, washed in in situ water, dragged through soft sterile agar, and washed again. Using a shipboard microscope, the diameter of the filaments was determined as ca. 110 μm (Figure ).
Individually cleaned filaments were placed into cryovials containing 1 mL sterile DNAse-free water, frozen at −80°C, and transported back to the home lab. The cryovial was thawed on ice, and the intact filament was flushed carefully into a petri dish containing UV-treated MilliQ water. With the help of a stereomicroscope and sterile needles, the filament was cut into six segments, each containing ca.
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Individually, each segment was placed shortly into sterile MilliQ water, and was then added to the buffer for whole genome amplification. Images of the microbial mats and “ Candidatus Marithrix” organisms. (A) Image of the external camera of Alvin showing a field view of the microbial mats at GC246. (B) Original sediment core from the Marithrix microbial mat at GC246.
Filaments are visible as hairy mat on top and within the first centimeter of the sediment. (C) Microscopic image of a filament showing small sulfur granules at the periphery of the disc-shaped cells, while the interior appears empty as they supposedly contain the large aqueous vacuole as described in other “ Candidatus Marithrix” and related large sulfur bacteria. (D) Some of the freshly collected specimen showed an unusual filament end—not forming a typical semi-circle, but a differentially segmented cap; possibly a holdfast structure.